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Referencing

Here is a summary of referencing advice, based on the Chicago Manual of Style website. For most undergraduate coursework, the Quick Guide will be all you need.  These are some examples from the Quick Guide, and cover most of the examples you are likely to encounter as an undergraduate.

Ask your seminar tutor/course convener if you have specific questions related to referencing.

Remember: Bibliographic information must be in your notes and in the bibliography (final page of your essay).

Books with one author

Footnotes
  1. Andrew Hass, Hegel and the Art of Negation: Negativity, Creativity and Contemporary Thought (London: IB Tauris, 2013), 19.
  2. Hass, Hegel, 23.
Bibliography

Hass, Andrew. Hegel and the Art of Negation: Negativity, Creativity and Contemporary Thought. London: IB Tauris, 2013.

Books with Two or more authors

Footnotes
  1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
  2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.
Bibliography

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”).

Chapter or other part of a book

In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole chapter.

Footnotes
  1. Michael Marten, ‘Re-imagining ‘metropole’ and ‘periphery’ in mission history,’ in Protestant Missions and Local Encounters in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, eds. Hilde Nielssen et al, (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 297.
  2. Marten, ‘Re-imagining,’ 299.
Bibliography

Marten, Michael. ‘Re-imagining ‘metropole’ and ‘periphery’ in mission history’, in Protestant Missions and Local Encounters in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, eds. Hilde Nielssen, Inger Marie Okkenhaug, and Karina Hestad Skeie, 293-315. Leiden: Brill, 2011.

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

Footnote
  1. Michael Marten and Katja Neumann, introduction to Saints and Cultural Trans-/Mission, edited by Michael Marten and Katja Neumann (Sankt Augustin: Academia, 2013), 5.
  2. Marten and Neumann, introduction, 4.
Bibliography

Marten, Michael and Katja Neumann, introduction to Saints and Cultural Trans-/Mission, edited by Michael Marten and Katja Neumann, 1-6. Sankt Augustin: Academia, 2013.

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted, whether a real book or an e-book. For e-books, list a URL and include an access date. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.

Footnotes
  1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition, chapter 17.
  2. Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chapter 15.
  3. Timothy Fitzgerald, The Ideology of Religious Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), accessed 8.1.2015, https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780195347159/, 40.
  4. Fitzgerald, Ideology, 47.
Bibliography

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.

Fitzgerald, Timothy. The Ideology of Religious Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), accessed 8.1.2015, https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780195347159/.

Journal article – in a print journal

In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.

Footnotes
  1. Michael Marten, ‘Imperialism and evangelism: Scottish missionary methods in late 19th and early 20th century Palestine,’ Holy Land Studies 5/2 (2006): 140.
  2. Marten, ‘Scottish missionary,’ 157.
Bibliography

Marten, Michael. ‘Imperialism and evangelism: Scottish missionary methods in late 19th and early 20th century Palestine.’ Holy Land Studies, 5/2 (2006): 105-186.

Journal article – in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL.

Footnote
  1. Alison Jasper, ‘Feminism, Religion and This Incredible Need to Believe: Working with Julia Kristeva Again,’ Feminist Theology 21/3 (2013): 283, accessed 8.1.15, DOI: 10.1177/0966735013484218.
  2. Jasper, ‘Feminism,’ 286.
Bibliography

Jasper, Alison. ‘Feminism, Religion and This Incredible Need to Believe: Working with Julia Kristeva Again.’ Feminist Theology 21/3 (2013): 279-294. Accessed 8.1.15. DOI: 10.1177/0966735013484218.

Website

Because website content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

Footnotes
  1. ‘What is Critical Religion?,’ last accessed 8.1.15, http://criticalreligion.org/what-is-critical-religion/.
  2. ‘What is Critical Religion?’
Bibliography

Critical Religion Association. ‘What is Critical Religion?,’ last accessed 8.1.15, http://criticalreligion.org/what-is-critical-religion/

Blog entry or comment

Similar to websites.

Footnotes
  1. Teemu Taira, ‘The Category of “Religion” in Organizing Contemporary Societies,’ Critical Religion Association, 21.7.2014, http://criticalreligion.org/2014/07/21/the-category-of-religion-in-organizing-contemporary-societies/.
  2. Taira, ‘Category of “Religion.”‘
  3. Chris, 23.7.2014 (13:32), comment on Teemu Taira, ‘The Category of “Religion” in Organizing Contemporary Societies,’ Critical Religion Association, 21.7.2014, http://criticalreligion.org/2014/07/21/the-category-of-religion-in-organizing-contemporary-societies/.
  4. Chris, comment on Taira ‘Category of “Religion.”‘
Bibliography

Taira, Teemu. ‘The Category of “Religion” in Organizing Contemporary Societies,’ Critical Religion Association, 21.7.2014, http://criticalreligion.org/2014/07/21/the-category-of-religion-in-organizing-contemporary-societies/.

Chris, 23.7.2014 (13:32), comment on Teemu Taira, ‘The Category of “Religion” in Organizing Contemporary Societies,’ Critical Religion Association, 21.7.2014, http://criticalreligion.org/2014/07/21/the-category-of-religion-in-organizing-contemporary-societies/.

Books with an Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

Footnotes
  1. J. Stevenson, ed., A New Eusebius. Documents illustrative of the history of the Church to A.D. 337 (London: SPCK, 1957), 187.
  2. Stevenson, Eusebius, 267.
Bibliography

Stevenson, J., ed. A New Eusebius. Documents illustrative of the history of the Church to A.D. 337. London: SPCK, 1957.

Books with an Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

Footnotes
  1. Saint Augustine, The City of God, trans. John Healey, ed. R. V. G. Tasker (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1945), 60-61.
  2. Augustine, City, 146.
Bibliography

Saint Augustine, The City of God, trans. John Healey, ed. R. V. G. Tasker. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1945.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

Footnotes
  1. Quintus Tullius Cicero, “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,” in Rome: Late Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.
  2. Cicero, “Canvassing for the Consulship,” 35.
Bibliography

Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

Article in a newspaper or popular magazine

If you consulted the article online, include a URL and an access date. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.

Footnotes
  1. Michael Marten, ‘Where were you? Reflections on the current crisis in the Middle East’, in Coracle, issue 3/60, June 2002, 10.
  2. Marten, ‘Where were you?,’ 11.
  3. Iain Macwhirter, ‘Time the rich were saved from themselves,’ The Herald, 24.12.2014, accessed 8.1.15, http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/columnists/iain-macwhirter-time-the-rich-were-saved-from-themselves.115091573.
  4. Macwhirter, ‘Time the rich.’
Bibliography

Marten, Michael. ‘Where were you? Reflections on the current crisis in the Middle East’, Coracle, issue 3/60, June 2002, 10-11.

Macwhirter, Iain, ‘Time the rich were saved from themselves,’ The Herald, 24.12.2014. Accessed 8.1.15, http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/columnists/iain-macwhirter-time-the-rich-were-saved-from-themselves.115091573.

Book review

Footnotes
  1. Michael Marten, ‘Perceptions and Realities of the Holy Land’, review of Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models, and Fantasy Travels by Burke O. Long, The Quality of Heroic Living, of High Endeavour and Adventure. Anglican Mission, Women and Education in Palestine, 1888-1948 by Inger Marie Okkenhaug, and The Christian Communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics ed. by Anthony O’Mahony, Holy Land Studies, 3/1 (2004): 114.
  2. Marten, ‘Perceptions,’ 115.
Bibliography

Marten, Michael. ‘Perceptions and Realities of the Holy Land’, review of Imagining the Holy Land by Burke O. Long, The Quality of Heroic Living, of High Endeavour and Adventure by Inger Marie Okkenhaug, and The Christian Communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land ed. by Anthony O’Mahony, Holy Land Studies, 3/1 (2004), 113-117.

Thesis or dissertation

Footnotes
  1. Rajalakshmi Nadadur Kannan, ‘Performing ‘religious’ music: interrogating Karnatic music within a postcolonial setting’ (PhD diss., University of Stirling, 2013), 67.
  2. Nadadur Kannan, ‘Performing’, 103.
Bibliography

Nadadur Kannan, Rajalakshmi. ‘Performing ‘religious’ music: interrogating Karnatic music within a postcolonial setting.’ PhD diss., University of Stirling, 2013.

Film on DVD

Footnotes
  1. The Message. The Story of Islam, directed by Moustapha Akkad (1977; UK: Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2006), DVD.
  2. The Message.
Bibliography

The Message. The Story of Islam. Directed by Moustapha Akkad. 1977. UK: Anchor Bay Entertainment, 2006. DVD.